Appendix 3 Australian time series and panel studies

Time series studies of the effects of ambient air pollution on asthma conducted in Australia

Authors City/Years Exposures Confounders Outcome Findings Rennick & Jarman 19921 Melbourne 1989 O3 Particles (nephelometry) Not controlled Emergency presentations for asthma More asthma attendances by children on days with poor visibility Goldsmith et al 19962 Melbourne 1989-91 Particles (nephelometry) SO2, NO2, O3 Meteorological factors Day of week Hospital admissions for asthma No relationship between air pollution and asthma admissions by children Smith et al 19963 Sydney 1994 Particles (nephelometry) PM10 250 μg/m3 Meteorological factors Emergency present-ations for asthma Bushfire smoke not associated with asthma Voigt et al 19984 Latrobe Valley 1988 Particles (nephelometry) NO2, SO2, O3 Season UV radiation Day of week Hospital admissions for asthma & COPD No relationship between air pollution and asthma admissions Morgan et al 19985 Sydney 1990-94 NO2 mean 1 hr max 29 ppb O3 mean daily max 25 ppb Particles (nephelometry) Temperature Dew point temperature Day of week Hospital admissions Increase in maximum NO2 concentrations associated with 5.3(95%CI 1.1-5.7)% increase in childhood asthma admissions Petroeschevsky et al 20016 Brisbane 1987-94 Particles (nephelometry) O3 8 hour mean 1.9 pphm SO2, NO2 Influenza Day of week Meteorological factors Hospital admissions 8 hour O3 concentrations related to asthma admissions (RR 1.09, 95%CI 1.04-1.14) Denison et al 20017 Melbourne 1994-97 Particles (nephelometry) O3, NO2, CO Day of week School term Influenza Meteorological factors Hospital admissions Asthma admissions associated with particles, O3 (warm season), NO2, and CO Johnstone et al 20028 Darwin 2000 PM10 Mean 20.8 (Range 2.0 – 70 μg/m3) Influenza Day of week Emergency present-ations for asthma Adjusted RR 1.2 (95%CI 1.09-1.34)

 Asthmatic panel studies of the effects of ambient air pollution conducted in Australia

Authors City/Years Subjects Exposures Confounders Outcome Findings Henry et al 19919 Lake Munmorah & Nelson Bay 1987 99 children with a history of wheeze Annual average SO2 LM 2, NB 0.3 μg/m3 Annual average NOx LM 2, NB 0.4 μg/m3   Symptom Diaries Air pollution not related to respiratory symptoms Jalaludin et al 2000a10 Sydney 1994 32 children with a history of wheeze PM10 peak 210 μg/m3 O3, NO2 Pollen, Alternaria counts Temperature Humidity Hours spent outdoors BHR to histamine Peak expiratory flow PEF only negatively associated with PM10 in children without BHR Jalaludin et al 2000b11 Sydney 1994 125 children with wheeze ± asthma O3, PM10, NO2 Pollen, Alternaria counts Temperature Humidity Peak expiratory flow Significant negative association between mean daytime O3 and daily PEF deviation

References

1	Rennick GJ, Jarman FC. Are children with asthma affected by smog? Medical Journal of Australia. 1992;156(12):837-41.
2	Goldsmith JR, Friger MD, Abramson M. Associations between health and air pollution in time-series analyses. Archives of Environmental Health. 1996;51(5):359-67.
3	Smith MA, Jalaludin B, Byles JE, Lim L, Leeder SR. Asthma presentations to emergency departments in western Sydney during the January 1994 bushfires. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1996;25(6):1227-36.
4	Voigt T, Bailey M, Abramson M. Air pollution in the Latrobe Valley and its impact upon respiratory morbidity. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 1998;22(5):556-61.
5	Morgan G, Corbett S, Wlodarczyk JH. Air pollution and hospital admissions in Sydney, Australia, 1990 to 1994. American Journal of Public Health 1998;88(12):1761-66.
6	Petroeschevsky A, Simpson RW, Thalib L, Rutherford S. Associations between outdoor air pollution and hospital admissions in Brisbane, Australia. Archives of Environmental Health. 2001;56(1):37-52.
7	Denison L, Simpson R, Petroeschevsky A, Thalib L, Williams G. Ambient air pollution and daily hospital admissions in Melbourne 1994-1997. 2001, Environment Protection Authority: Melbourne. pp. 84.
8	Johnston FH, Kavanagh AM, Bowman DM, Scott RK. Exposure to bushfire smoke and asthma: An ecological study. Medical Journal of Australia. 2002;176(11):535-8.
9	Henry RL, Bridgman HA, Wlodarczyk J, Abramson R, Adler JA, Hensley MJ. Asthma in the vicinity of power stations: II. Outdoor air quality and symptoms. Pediatric Pulmonology. 1991;11(2):134-40.
10	Jalaludin B, Smith M, O'Toole B, Leeder S. Acute effects of bushfires on peak expiratory flow rates in children with wheeze: A time series analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2000;24(2):174-7.
11	Jalaludin BB, Chey T, O'Toole BI, Smith WT, Capon AG, Leeder SR. Acute effects of low levels of ambient ozone on peak expiratory flow rate in a cohort of Australian children. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2000;29(3):549-57.